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valence electron - translation to ολλανδικά
![valence]] of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Covalent.svg?width=200 "valence]] of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent.")
![two identical fermions in a one-dimensional box]], with each horizontal axis corresponding to the position of one particle. If the particles swap position, the wave function inverts its sign.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Asymmetricwave2.png?width=200 "two identical fermions in a one-dimensional box]], with each horizontal axis corresponding to the position of one particle. If the particles swap position, the wave function inverts its sign.")
![quantized]] by the number n. An electron dropping to a lower orbit emits a photon equal to the energy difference between the orbits.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bohr atom model English.svg?width=200 "quantized]] by the number n. An electron dropping to a lower orbit emits a photon equal to the energy difference between the orbits.")
![[[J. J. Thomson]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/J.J Thomson.jpg?width=200 "[[J. J. Thomson]]")
![Robert Millikan]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Millikan.jpg?width=200 "Robert Millikan]]")
![orbital]], which is a probability distribution rather than an orbit. In the figure, the shading indicates the relative probability to "find" the electron, having the energy corresponding to the given [[quantum number]]s, at that point.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orbital s1.png?width=200 "orbital]], which is a probability distribution rather than an orbit. In the figure, the shading indicates the relative probability to \"find\" the electron, having the energy corresponding to the given [[quantum number]]s, at that point.")
Ορισμός
Βικιπαίδεια
In chemistry and physics, a valence electron is an electron in the outer shell associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed. In a single covalent bond, a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron.
The presence of valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. In this way, a given element's reactivity is highly dependent upon its electronic configuration. For a main-group element, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell; for a transition metal, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell.
An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to a noble gas configuration) tends to be chemically inert. Atoms with one or two valence electrons more than a closed shell are highly reactive due to the relatively low energy to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion. An atom with one or two electrons fewer than a closed shell is reactive due to its tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons and form a negative ion, or else to share valence electrons and form a covalent bond.
Similar to a core electron, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon. An energy gain can trigger the electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as atomic excitation. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied.
